一、Ubuntu-base20.04.3

Ubuntu官方已經(jīng)制作好了各架構(gòu)、各版本的base版根文件系統(tǒng)，只需下載下來做少許改動即可。

下載Ubuntu Base 20.04.3 LTS (Focal Fossa)

ubuntu-base-20.04.3-base-armhf.tar.gz 2021-08-19 10:56 22M

解壓

mkdir rootfs

sudo chmod 777 rootfs

tar -zxvf ubuntu-base-20.04.3-base-armhf.tar.gz -C rootfs

#避免后面更新軟件報錯

sudo chmod 777 ./rootfs/tmp/

安裝工具

sudo apt-get install qemu-user-static

sudo cp /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static ./rootfs/usr/bin/

拷貝主機DNS

sudo cp /etc/resolv.conf ./rootfs/etc/resolv.conf

更換下載源

cp ./rootfs/etc/apt/source.list ./rootfs/etc/apt/source.list.bak

vim ./rootfs/etc/apt/source.list

`Esc` + `:`

%s/ports.ubuntu.com/mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/g

`Enter`

創(chuàng)建掛載腳本vim mount.sh

內(nèi)容如下：

#!/bin/bash

mnt() {

echo 'MOUNTING'

sudo mount -t proc /proc ${2}proc

sudo mount -t sysfs /sys ${2}sys

sudo mount -o bind /dev ${2}dev

sudo mount -o bind /dev/pts ${2}dev/pts

sudo chroot ${2}

}

umnt() {

echo 'UNMOUNTING'

sudo umount ${2}proc

sudo umount ${2}sys

sudo umount ${2}dev/pts

sudo umount ${2}dev

}

if [ '$1' == '-m' ] && [ -n '$2' ] ;

then

mnt $1 $2

elif [ '$1' == '-u' ] && [ -n '$2' ];

then

umnt $1 $2

else

echo ''

echo 'Either 1'st, 2'nd or both parameters were missing'

echo ''

echo '1'st parameter can be one of these: -m(mount) OR -u(umount)'

echo '2'nd parameter is the full path of rootfs directory(with trailing '/')'

echo ''

echo 'For example: ch-mount -m /media/sdcard/'

echo ''

echo 1st parameter : ${1}

echo 2nd parameter : ${2}

fi

更改權(quán)限：

sudo chmod +x mount.sh 

掛載

source mount.sh -m ./rootfs/

更新軟件

apt update

apt install sudo vim kmod net-tools ethtool ifupdown rsyslog htop iputils-ping language-pack-en-base ssh

注意：ssh必須安裝，不然后面鏈接串口服務(wù)會出錯

設(shè)置用戶名和密碼

root@zsd-virtual-machine:/# passwd root

New password: 

Retype new password: 

passwd: password updated successfully

root@zsd-virtual-machine:/# adduser zsd 

New password: 

Retype new password: 

`Enter`

`Enter`

......

`Enter`

`Enter`

設(shè)置IP和名稱

root@zsd-virtual-machine:/# echo 'zzssdd2-imx6ull' > /etc/hostname

root@zsd-virtual-machine:/# echo '127.0.0.1 localhost' >> /etc/hosts

root@zsd-virtual-machine:/# echo '127.0.0.1 zzssdd2-imx6ull' >> /etc/hosts

設(shè)置串口終端

ln -s /lib/systemd/system/getty@.service /etc/systemd/system/getty.target.wants/getty@ttymxc0.service

注意：

如果提示報錯提示如下：

root@zsd-virtual-machine:/# ln -s /lib/systemd/system/getty@.service /etc/systemd/system/getty.target.wants/getty@ttymxc0.service

/usr/bin/ln: failed to create symbolic link '/etc/systemd/system/getty.target.wants/getty@ttymxc0.service': No such file or directory

說明/etc/systemd/system/目錄下沒有g(shù)etty.target.wants目錄。

解決方法：安裝ssh會創(chuàng)建該目錄，然后重新執(zhí)行一遍設(shè)置串口終端命令即可。

退出

#退出qemu模擬器

exit

#取消掛載

source mount.sh -u ./rootfs/

#打包

sudo tar -czvf ubuntu-base-20.04.3-rootfs.tar.gz rootfs/*

二、Debian 11

直接使用三方制作好的Debian根文件系統(tǒng)，比如Linaro

使用Multistrap或Debootstrap工具構(gòu)建自己的Debian根文件系統(tǒng)

下面我使用debootstrap工具構(gòu)建Debian11根文件系統(tǒng)（別問為什么不用multistrap，問就是不會︶︹︺）

安裝工具

sudo apt install binfmt-support qemu qemu-user-static debootstrap

抽取Debain文件系統(tǒng)

sudo debootstrap --arch=armhf --foreign bullseye rootfs https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/

參數(shù)說明：

arch：CPU架構(gòu)

bullseye：debian版本名，這是版本11的名稱

foreign：在與主機架構(gòu)不相同時需要指定此參數(shù)，僅做初始化的解包

rootfs：要存放文件系統(tǒng)的文件夾

https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/：下載源，這里使用國內(nèi)的清華源

抽取成功后如下：

$ ls ./rootfs/

bin   debootstrap  etc   lib   root  sbin  tmp  var

boot  dev          home  proc  run   sys   usr

復(fù)制qemu-arm-static到剛構(gòu)建的基本系統(tǒng)中

sudo cp /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static ./rootfs/usr/bin

完成文件系統(tǒng)引導(dǎo)

sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive DEBCONF_NONINTERACTIVE_SEEN=true chroot rootfs debootstrap/debootstrap --second-stage

參數(shù)說明：

chroot rootfs

更改根目錄為rootfs：就是變更當(dāng)前進(jìn)程及其子進(jìn)程的可見根路徑。變更后，程序無法訪問可見根目錄外文件和命令。

DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive DEBCONF_NONINTERACTIVE_SEEN=true

避免debconf向用戶詢問任何問題（非交互式），相當(dāng)于是靜默配置安裝。

了解更多debconf - Debian Wiki

debootstrap

man debootstrap

或

debootstrap --help

了解更多Debootstrap - Debian Wiki

完成后提示如下：

I: Base system installed successfully.

更換下載源

#備份

sudo cp ./rootfs/etc/apt/sources.list ./rootfs/etc/apt/sources.list.bak

#編輯

sudo vim ./rootfs/etc/apt/sources.list

#換成如下內(nèi)容:

# 默認(rèn)注釋了源碼鏡像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注釋

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib non-free

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib non-free

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free

創(chuàng)建掛載腳本vim mount.sh

內(nèi)容如下：

#!/bin/bash

mnt() {

echo 'MOUNTING'

sudo mount -t proc /proc ${2}proc

sudo mount -t sysfs /sys ${2}sys

sudo mount -o bind /dev ${2}dev

sudo mount -o bind /dev/pts ${2}dev/pts

sudo chroot ${2}

}

umnt() {

echo 'UNMOUNTING'

sudo umount ${2}proc

sudo umount ${2}sys

sudo umount ${2}dev/pts

sudo umount ${2}dev

}

if [ '$1' == '-m' ] && [ -n '$2' ] ;

then

mnt $1 $2

elif [ '$1' == '-u' ] && [ -n '$2' ];

then

umnt $1 $2

else

echo ''

echo 'Either 1'st, 2'nd or both parameters were missing'

echo ''

echo '1'st parameter can be one of these: -m(mount) OR -u(umount)'

echo '2'nd parameter is the full path of rootfs directory(with trailing '/')'

echo ''

echo 'For example: ch-mount -m /media/sdcard/'

echo ''

echo 1st parameter : ${1}

echo 2nd parameter : ${2}

fi

更改權(quán)限：

sudo chmod +x mount.sh 

掛載

source mount.sh -m ./rootfs/

執(zhí)行以下命令

#

echo 'proc /proc proc defaults 0 0' >> etc/fstab 

設(shè)置Linux中的locale環(huán)境參數(shù)

export LC_ALL=C

如果不設(shè)置在后面安裝軟件時會有如下提示：

perl: warning: Setting locale failed.

perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:

LANGUAGE = 'zh_CN:en_US:en',

LC_ALL = (unset),

LC_PAPER = 'zh_CN.UTF-8',

LC_NUMERIC = 'zh_CN.UTF-8',

LC_IDENTIFICATION = 'zh_CN.UTF-8',

LC_MEASUREMENT = 'zh_CN.UTF-8',

LC_NAME = 'zh_CN.UTF-8',

LC_TELEPHONE = 'zh_CN.UTF-8',

LC_ADDRESS = 'zh_CN.UTF-8',

LC_MONETARY = 'zh_CN.UTF-8',

LC_TIME = 'zh_CN.UTF-8',

LANG = 'zh_CN.UTF-8'

    are supported and installed on your system.

perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ('C').

/usr/bin/locale: Cannot set LC_CTYPE to default locale: No such file or directory

/usr/bin/locale: Cannot set LC_MESSAGES to default locale: No such file or directory

/usr/bin/locale: Cannot set LC_ALL to default locale: No such file or directory

安裝軟件

apt update

apt install sudo

apt install net-tools

apt install ethtool 

apt install htop 

apt install ssh

......

設(shè)置用戶

#設(shè)置root用戶密碼

passwd root

#添加新用戶

adduser zzssdd2

設(shè)置以太網(wǎng)

echo 'auto eth0' > /etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0

echo 'iface eth0 inet dhcp' >> /etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0

設(shè)置IP和名稱

echo 'zzssdd2-imx6ull' > /etc/hostname

echo '127.0.0.1 localhost' >> /etc/hosts

echo '127.0.0.1 zzssdd2-imx6ull' >> /etc/hosts

退出

#退出qemu環(huán)境

exit

# 取消掛載

source mount.sh -u ./rootfs/

#打包

sudo tar -zcvf debian_bullseye-rootfs.tar.gz ./rootfs/*

三、Buildroot

Buildroot是一個簡單、高效且易于使用的工具，可以通過交叉編譯生成嵌入式Linux系統(tǒng)。更詳細(xì)的了解參考官方手冊The Buildroot user manual

下面使用buildroot-2021.08.1版本對IMX6ULL平臺進(jìn)行配置。

下載：https://buildroot.org/download.html

解壓 ：tar -jxvf buildroot-2021.08.1.tar.bz2

進(jìn)入圖形配置界面：make menuconfig

注：下面貼出來的都是經(jīng)過手動配置更改的選項，沒有貼出來的則表示使用默認(rèn)設(shè)置

配置Target options

Target options  ---> 

Target Architecture (ARM (little endian))

Target Binary Format (ELF)

Target Architecture Variant (cortex-A7)

Target ABI (EABIhf)

Floating point strategy (NEON/VFPv4)

ARM instruction set (ARM)

配置Toolchain

Toolchain  --->  

Toolchain type (External toolchain)

Toolchain (Custom toolchain)

Toolchain origin (Pre-installed toolchain)

(/usr/local/arm/gcc-arm-10.3-2021.07-x86_64-arm-none-linux-gnueabihf) Toolchain path 

($(ARCH)-none-linux-gnueabihf) Toolchain prefix 

    External toolchain gcc version (10.x)

    External toolchain kernel headers series (4.20.x)

    External toolchain C library (glibc/eglibc)

    [ ] Toolchain has RPC support? 

    [*] Toolchain has C++ support?

配置System configuration

System configuration  --->

(zzssdd2) System hostname 

(Hello zzssdd2) System banner

/dev management (Dynamic using devtmpfs + mdev) 

(root) Root password

(eth0) Network interface to configure through DHCP 

配置Target packages

這一步根據(jù)自己的需求選擇安裝需要的包即可（這里為了下一步編譯快一些我保持默認(rèn)選擇）。

按需配置完成后：Save --> Exit --> 執(zhí)行make命令等待編譯完成后在Buildroot根目錄下的output/images目錄下可以看到編譯好的根文件系統(tǒng)。

注意：

如果編譯之前執(zhí)行過make則需要先執(zhí)行make clean清理一下再執(zhí)行make命令，否則可能報錯。

如果遇到某些包下載巨慢、下不動、下載失敗的情況，可以根據(jù)編譯信息提示的地址復(fù)制到瀏覽器手動下載。下載下來后將其復(fù)制到Buildroot根目錄下的dl目錄下，然后CTRL+C終止編譯 --> make clean清除上次編譯 --> make重新編譯。

四、驗證

參考開發(fā)板直連電腦搭建NFS＆TFTP環(huán)境第四節(jié)